DETERMINATION OF GREYWATER REUSE POTENTIAL IN DAMATURU YOBE STATE, NIGERIA

Authors

  • Muhammad Shettima Lawan
    Desert Research, Monitoring and Control Centre, Yobe State University
  • Mohammed Bukar
  • Suleiman Gide

Keywords:

Greywater, Water scarcity, TDS, TSS, Turbidity

Abstract

Greywater reuse is an untapped available water resource for many rural areas in developing countries. Meanwhile, it is one of the alternative ways to overcome water scarcity in many parts of the world. This study was carried out to investigate the potential of Greywater reuse as a means to overcome the problem of water scarcity and environmental pollution among restaurants and hotel owners within Damaturu metropolis in Yobe State of Nigeria. A field survey was conducted from 25 restaurants/hotels operating within Damaturu and Greywater samples were collected for reclamation using rice husk as a filter. The results of the survey indicated that the majority of the respondents expressed the problem of water scarcity and about 99% mentioned that they rely on buying multiple water trucks for their daily needs. The survey further revealed that 76% of the respondents fully agreed with greywater reuse, while 12% disagreed, and the rest of the respondents (10%) remain undecided. Physical parameters including; Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, and Turbidity as well as general coliforms were determined before and after treatment with normal and chemically modified rice husk. However, an insignificant treatment efficiency was observed in the laboratory scale experiment with the normal rice husk which indicates the requirement for further modification. However, modification of the rice husk filter with an acidic reagent was confirmed to increase pH and electrical conductivity of the filter media, and determination of the retention time is always important in developing a greywater system

Dimensions

Adeyemo, A.A., Adeoye, I.O., Bello, O.S., (2017). Adsorption of dyes using different types of clay: A review. Appl. Water Sci. 7 (2), 543–568.

Adelekan, I. O. (2010). 'Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in

Lagos, Nigeria'. Environment and Urbanization 22 (2), 433-450

Aliyah, N. A. (2012). Adsorption of Lead using Rice Husk

Allen, L.; Christian-Smith, J.; Palaniappan, M. Overview of Greywater Reuse: The Potential of

Greywater Systems to Aid Sustainable Water Management; Pacific Institute Report, Oakland, CA, USA, 2010. Available online: http://www.pacinst.org/reports/Greywater_overview/Greywater_overview.pdf (accessed on 31 July 2012).

Anastopoulos, I., Bhatnagar, A., Hameed, B.H., Yong, S.O., Omirou, M., (2017). A review on waste-derived adsorbents from sugar industry for pollutant removal in water and wastewater. J. Mol. Liq. 240, 179–188.

Baba-Adamu, M. & Jajere, I.A. (2020). Water scarcity measurement in the Yobe region of Nigeria. KIU Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 265-280

Babel, S., Kurniawan, T.A., (2003). Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: A review. J. Hazard. Mater. 97 (1–3), 219–243.

Bhatnagar, A. and Sillanpää, M. (2010). 'Utilization of Agro-Industrial and Municipal Waste Materials as Potential Adsorbents for Water treatment—a Review'. Chemical Engineering Journal 157 (2), 277-296

Boyjoo, Y., Pareek, V. K., and Ang, M. (2013). 'A Review of Greywater Characteristics and

Treatment Processes'. Water Science and Technology 67 (7), 1403-1424

Clark, T. and Stephenson, T. (1998). 'Effects of Chemical Addition on Aerobic Biological Treatment of Municipal Wastewater'. Environmental Technology 19 (6), 579-590

Emeka, D. O. and Weltime, O. M. (2012). ‘Trace Elements Determination in Municipal Water Supply in Damaturu Metropolis, Yobe State, Nigeria’. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 1(1):58 – 61.

El – Azab, A. M. M. (1992). PhD thesis, Cairo University,Gong, R., Zhu, S., Zhang, D., Chen, J.,

Grady Jr, C. L., Daigger, G. T., Love, N. G., and Filipe, C. D. (2011). Biological Wastewater

Treatment: CRC press

Hsu, S., and Pan, T. (2007). ‘Adsorption of paraquat using methacrylic acid-modified rice husk’, Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, pp. 3617 – 3621.

Ifelebuegu, A. O. and Johnson, A. (2017). 'Nonconventional Low-Cost Cellulose-and Keratin- Based Biopolymeric Sorbents for oil/water Separation and Spill Cleanup: A Review'. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 1-38

Ip, A.W.M., Barford, J.P., McKay, G., (2009). Reactive black dye adsorption/desorption onto different adsorbents: Effect of salt, surface chemistry, pore size and surfacearea. J. Colloid In terface Sci. 337 (1), 32–38.

James, D., Surendran, S., Ifelebuegu, A., Ganjian, E., and Kinuthia, J. (2017). 'Grey Water Reclamation for Urban Non-Potable Reuse-Challenges and Solutions: A Review'

Kurniawan, T. A., Chan, G. Y., Lo, W., and Babel, S. (2006). 'Comparisons of Low-Cost Adsorbents for Treating Wastewaters Laden with Heavy Metals'. Science of the Total Environment 366 (2), 409-426

Kumar, S., Sangwan, P., Dhankhar, R. M. V., and Bidra, S. (2013). 'Utilization of Rice Husk

and their Ash: A Review'. Res.J.Chem.Env.Sci 1 (5), 126-129

Lawan, M.S. and Surendran, S.S. (2021). ‘Development of a community system for water reclamation from grey water in Gujba: a conceptual method’, Int. J. Environment and Waste Management, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.211–223.

Mahvi, A., Maleki, A., and Eslami, A. (2004). 'Potential of Rice Husk and Rice Husk Ash for

Phenol Removal in Aqueous Systems'

M. Anjum, R. Miandad, M. Waqas, F. Gehany, M.A. Barakat, (2016). Remediation of wastewater using various nano-materials, Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc. 2016.10.004

M., B., A., A., A., M., & G., A. (2017). Assessment of the Current Status and Problems of Potable Water Supply in Damaturu Metropolis. International Journal for Research In Health Sciences And Nursing, 3(12), 01–18. https://doi.org/10.53555/hsn.v3i12.265

Muthukumaran, S., Baskaran, K., and Sexton, N. (2011). 'Quantification of Potable Water Savings by Residential Water Conservation and reuse–A Case Study'. Resources,

Conservation and Recycling 55 (11), 945-952

Ni, S., and Guan, R. (2009). ‘Adsorption behaviour of cationic dyes on citric acid esterifying wheat straw: Kinetic and thermodynamic profile’, Desalination, vol. 230, pp. 220 – 228.

Othman A. Al-Mashaqbeh, Ayoup M. Ghrair and Sharon B. Megdal (2012). ‘Grey Water Reuse for Agricultural Purposes in the Jordan Valley: Household Survey Results in Deir Alla’ Water 2012, 4, 580-596; doi:10.3390/w4030580.

Olasehinde, E.F., Abegunde, S.M., (2020). Adsorption of methylene blue onto acid modified raphia taedigera seed activated carbon. Adv. J. Chem. A 3 (5), 663–679.

Oyebande, L. (2001). 'Water Problems in Africa—how can the Sciences Help?'. Hydrological

Sciences Journal 46 (6), 947-962

Rahman, I. A., Ismail, J., and Osman, H. (1997). ‘Effect of nitric acid digestion on organic materials and silica in rice husk’, J. Mater. Chem., vol. 7, pp. 1505 – 1509.

Rosen, M. J. and Kunjappu, J. T. (2012). Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena. John Wiley & Sons

Sadon, F. N., Ahmmed Saadi Ibrahem, Kamariah Nor Ismail (2012). An overview of rice husk applications and modification techniques in wastewater treatment. Journal of Purity, Utility Reaction and Environment Vol.1 No.6, August 2012, 308-334

S.M. Abegunde, K.S. Idowu, O.M. Adejuwon et al. (2020). A review on the influence of chemical modification on the performance of adsorbents. Resources, Environment and Sustainability 1 (2020) 100001

Saxena, Bhardwaj, M., Allen, T., Kumar, S., Sahney, R., (2019). Adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater using agricultural-industrial wastes as biosorbents. Water Sci. 31, 189– 197.

Sethi, T. (2014). Characterization and Application of Rice Husk for Removal of Heavy Metals from Laboratory Prepared Waste Water

Syarif, H., Suriamihardja, D., Selintung, M., and Wahab, A. W. (2016). 'Analysis SEM the Chemical and Physics Composition of used Rice Husks as an Absorber Plate'.

International Journal of Engineering and Science Applications 2 (1), 25-30

Albalawneh, A. and Chang, T.K., 2015. Review of the greywater and proposed greywater recycling scheme for agricultural irrigation reuses. International Journal of Research–Granthaalayah, 3(12), pp.16-35.

Bakare, B.F., Mtsweni, S. and Rathilal, S., 2017. Characteristics of greywater from different sources within households in a community in Durban, South Africa. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 7(4), pp.520-528.

Barker, F., Faggian, R. and Hamilton, A.J., 2011. A history of wastewater irrigation in Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Water Sustainability, 1(2), pp.31-50.

Eriksson, E., Auffarth, K., Henze, M. and Ledin, A., 2002. Characteristics of grey wastewater. Urban water, 4(1), pp.85-104.

Published

18-11-2022

How to Cite

DETERMINATION OF GREYWATER REUSE POTENTIAL IN DAMATURU YOBE STATE, NIGERIA. (2022). FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 6(5), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0605-1092

Issue

Vol. 6 No. 5 (2022): FUDMA Journal of Sciences - Vol. 6 No. 5

Section

Research Articles
Copyright & Licensing

FUDMA Journal of Sciences

How to Cite

DETERMINATION OF GREYWATER REUSE POTENTIAL IN DAMATURU YOBE STATE, NIGERIA. (2022). FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 6(5), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0605-1092

Most read articles by the same author(s)